Genetic Testing free essay sample

Genes, the chemical messages of heredity, represent a blueprint of our possibilities and limitations. The legacy of generations of ancestors, our genes carry the key to our similarities and our uniqueness. When genes are working properly, our bodies develop and function smoothly. But should a single gene or even a tiny segment of a single gene go askew, the consequences can lead to deformities and disease, even death. In the past 20 years, amazing new techniques have allowed scientists to learn a great deal about how genes work and how genes are linked to disease. Increasingly, researchers are able to identify mutations, changes within genes that can lead to specific disorders. Tests for gene mutations make it possible not only to detect diseases already in progress but also, in certain situations, to foresee diseases yet to come. Genetic testing detects alterations in DNA or chromosomes. The results of genetic tests can be used to diagnose genetic disease, predict risks of disease, and identify carriers of genetic disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Testing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Human genetic testing requires laboratory analysis of DNA isolated from samples including cells, blood, or amniotic fluid. Once a specific alteration in a gene that correlates with a disease had been identified, scientists develop tests that can distinguish an altered copy of the gene from a copy without the alteration. Genetic testing can be done at many different times in one’s life. Diagnostic or confirmatory genetic testing can identify or confirm the diagnosis of a disease or condition. Genetic tests also can be used to determine one’s risk of developing a particular disease or condition, like heart disease or breast cancer, later in life. Genetic tests can be used to determine whether a person will have a certain reaction towards a drug or medication. Adults thinking about having children can undergo carrier screening if they are concerned that they may be at risk to have a child with a genetic disease. Carrier screening determines whether an individual could pass a copy of a disease gene to his/her child. Prenatal genetic testing of a developing fetus during pregnancy can identify an alteration linked to current or future diseases. Genetic testing of newborn babies can identify a genetic disease or condition. Tests that identify molecular changes in DNA and biochemical tests that detect metabolic conditions are used. Genetic testing has potential benefits whether the results are positive or negative for a gene mutation. Test results can provide a sense of relief from uncertainty and help people make informed decisions about managing their health care. For example, a negative result can eliminate the need for unnecessary checkups and screening tests in some cases. A positive result can direct a person toward available prevention, monitoring, and treatment options. Some test results can also help people make decisions about having children. Newborn screening can identify genetic disorders early in life so treatment can be started as early as possible. The physical risks associated with most genetic tests are very small, particularly for those tests that require only a blood sample or buccal smear (a procedure that samples cells from the inside surface of the cheek). The procedures used for prenatal testing carry a small but real risk of losing the pregnancy (miscarriage) because they require a sample of amniotic fluid or tissue from around the fetus. Many of the risks associated with genetic testing involve the emotional, social, or financial consequences of the test results. People may feel angry, depressed, anxious, or guilty about their results. In some cases, genetic testing creates tension within a family because the results can reveal information about other family members in addition to the person who is tested. The possibility of genetic discrimination in employment or insurance is also a concern. Genetic testing can provide only limited information about an inherited condition. The test often can’t determine if a person will show symptoms of a disorder, how severe the symptoms will be, or whether the disorder will progress over time. Another major limitation is the lack of treatment strategies for many genetic disorders once they are diagnosed. This ability raises both high hopes and grave concerns. On the one hand, predictive gene testing holds out the possibility of saving thousands of lives through prevention or early detection. On the other, the implications of test results are enormous, not only for the individual but also for relatives who share this genetic legacy, and for society as a whole.